Money Past and Present. Essay -- History Trade Economics Papers

Money Past and Present. Money as a medium of exchange in barter and trade has always in all times found expression in some form or other from necessity thereof. In the remotest periods, before gold or silver were generally in use, it took the form of animals, oxen, sheep, lambs, shells, etc. Thus we find used cattle in Germany, leather in Rome, sugar in the West Indies, shells in Siam, lead in Burmah, platinum in Russia, tin in Great Britain, iron and nails in Scotland, brass in China, and finally copper, silver and gold the world over. If we look up the sacred writings in quest of the earliest use of money quoted therein, we will find that the Bible mentions gold as a medium of value in the very first book of Moses which according to modern synchronology, would be about 4,000 years before the time of Christ, or almost 6,000 years ago. Namely, Genesis, Chapter II, 10, 11, 12. And a river went out of Eden, and the land of Haviliah, where there is gold and the gold of that land is good. Hence Adam and Eve could have found gold in Haviliah just the same as we do in the Yukon today. Immediately thereafter brass and iron are mentioned, Genesis, Chapter IV, 22. And Zillah she bare Tubal-Cain an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron. Tubal-Cain, son of Iamech, a descendant of Cain, apparently was the first man to shape metals into articles of use and probably our very first goldsmith and jeweler. Silver is first mentioned in the Bible in the time of Abram, Genesis, Chapter XIII, 2, Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver and gold. The earliest mention of the word money occurs in Genesis, Chapter XVII, 12, 13, 23, He that is born in the house or bought with money. The first use of earrings and bracelets appears in Genesi... ...uctions are from photographs of the original coins and are fully explained as to their metal, denomination, country, etc., by the description printed with each plate. This, then, is the story of money -- how it came to be -- what it is today. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bressett, K.1991. Collectible American Coins. Publication International, Ltd., Lincolnwood, IL. Genesis, 1971. Ch. II, 10, 11, 13; Ch. XXIV, 22, 30; Ch. IV, 22; Ch. XIII, 2, Ch. VII, 22, in The Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version. Teaneck, NJ: Collins/Cokesbury. Mehl, M, 2004. A History Of Money. The Star Rare Coin Encyclopedia and Premium Catalog. The Numismatic Company of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas. Seidler, N., 1965. The Story of Money. Western Publishing Company, INC., USA. Yeoman, R., 2003. A Guide Book of US Coins. Whitman Publishing, LLC., Atlanta, GA. http://www.mfa.org/handbook/classic

Good Night Motel Case

When making his decision, McGregor should consider seriously the negative consequences that his business will experience if he refuses Alward’s offer to fill the motel for the two weekend nights in October, at half the room rate. If McGregor refuses, during that weekend his motel will be at his usual capacity of less than quarter full. With the church group there, paying half the rate, it will be as if the motel were half-full! In addition, if he refuses, McGregor’s reputation in the community will suffer, and he will also lose all future business from Alward’s group and other church groups, at regular price.Consequently, Justin McGregor should accept Alward’s offer but under the following two conditions: one, guest service will be limited so that McGregor can lower his costs; two, this is a special one-time deal that will never happen again for Alward or anyone else. The quantitative factors involved dictate that McGregor should accept Alward’s off er for accommodations for his church group, at half the room rate, for Friday and Saturday, October 26 and 27.According to the facts of the case, pre-2008, from October 16 to May 14, the motel was rarely more than a quarter full at any time while post-2008, the motel’s occupancy rates fell 7 to 15 percent year round. In other words, if McGregor refuses Alward’s offer, during that weekend, the motel will be at its usual capacity of less than quarter full. However, with the church group there, paying half the rate, it will be as if the motel were half-full! Half-full is better than less than a quarter full, so logic dictates that McGregor must accept Alward’s offer.There will be more guests occupying all rooms at half the rate than if there were regular guests paying the regular price and filling fewer than a quarter of the motel’s rooms. However, this fact means that service costs and maintenance cost will be higher with Alward’s group than with reg ular customers. In other words, with the motel being at full capacity, McGregor’s maintenance and cleaning staff will be a lot busier than usual, servicing a motel at full capacity.Paying for the maintenance and cleaning of all rooms at the motel will further decrease the amount of money that McGregor will make from Alward’s group. In other words, in strict quantitative terms, Alward’s offer is a bad idea for McGregor. However, in the small resort community where the motel is located, quantitative factors are not everything. McGregor will suffer all sorts of negative consequences from church groups and other members of the community if he refuses Alward’s offer. Therefore, the prudent thing to do is to accept Alward’s offer with two conditions. The opportunity costIn fact, McGregor should accept Alward’s offer but under the following two conditions: one, guest service will be limited so that McGregor can lower his costs; two, this is a speci al one-time deal that will never happen again for Alward or anyone else. Considering that McGregor and his wife run the motel, which is their source of livelihood, these two conditions are reasonable. In addition, McGregor should make sure to ask Alward to impress upon his church group that the fact they are paying half the regular motel price means that the church group will receive half the regular service!This means that the church group guests must be clean and tidy, and they must not depend on the motel’s maintenance people. In theory, none of this should be a problem, especially with a group of church people, who are supposed to be kind, understanding, cooperative, and so on. In any case, the fact that the church group will stay for only two days means that they most likely won’t make huge messes, so McGregor will not have to pay his cleaning crew to repair. In addition, the church group guests will probably spend most of their time during the day at the church a nd go to the motel mostly to sleep.All these facts are only fair to McGregor, whose livelihood depends on that motel, at a time of a weak national economy. Being â€Å"a good man† (p. 3), Alward must surely understand all these facts. As a result, if I were McGregor, I would respectfully explain all these facts to Alward, appeal to his sense of fairness, and ask for his cooperation. The qualitative factors that McGregor should consider have to do with Grand Bend, which is a small resort community. Refusing to accommodate a church group would bring negative publicity to the Good Night Motel.As a result, McGregor will lose all future business (at regular prices) from Alward’s church group and most likely from other church groups, too. In fact, besides being a good man, Alward is â€Å"well respected in the community† (p. 3). This fact means that McGregor should do all he can to develop a good working relationship with Alward, who will bring more church groups in t he future. If Alward asks for the half-price rate again in the future, McGregor will be in a much better position to refuse.The community people will not be as critical then (in the future, if Alward asks for the half-price deal again) as if they will be if McGregor refuses Alward’s first request. In other words, the resort community is too small for McGregor to decide solely based on the numbers. Reputation is very important in such communities, especially when church people are concerned. They tend to travel and spread the news about which businesses are customer-centered and which are money-centered, to put the matter simply.In general, when making a decision, managers need to consider the opportunity cost, which according to our textbook â€Å"is the sacrifice of the best alternative for a given action. An (accounting) expense is a cost incurred to generate a revenue† (p. 24). Since this is a small town, and the church group will stay for only two days, the opportu nity cost will bring more customers for the future. In addition, managers must consider the marginal cost, which according to our textbook â€Å"is the cost of producing one more unit† (p.28).In terms of cleaning the pool, it will not have an effect since most of the time people will spend in the church, and the only time they will spend in the Good Night Motel is night time only for sleeping purposes. As a result, the only additional cost to accommodate the guess is the cleaning service of the rooms. In addition, McGregor must consider his fixed cost, which is a cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods or services produced.In the final analysis, the fact that Alward is a good man who enjoys the community’s respect and the fact that he works with churches (a central institution in small communities) mean that McGregor can’t afford to refuse to work with Alward. Even if McGregor breaks even, he should still accommodate the chu rch group. If he doesn’t accommodate it, he will suffer all sorts of negative consequences: loss of future business from church groups at regular price, bad publicity in a small resort community, and so on. In other words, the big picture (quantitative factors) is more important in this case. Good Night Motel Case When making his decision, McGregor should consider seriously the negative consequences that his business will experience if he refuses Alward’s offer to fill the motel for the two weekend nights in October, at half the room rate. If McGregor refuses, during that weekend his motel will be at his usual capacity of less than quarter full. With the church group there, paying half the rate, it will be as if the motel were half-full! In addition, if he refuses, McGregor’s reputation in the community will suffer, and he will also lose all future business from Alward’s group and other church groups, at regular price.Consequently, Justin McGregor should accept Alward’s offer but under the following two conditions: one, guest service will be limited so that McGregor can lower his costs; two, this is a special one-time deal that will never happen again for Alward or anyone else. The quantitative factors involved dictate that McGregor should accept Alward’s off er for accommodations for his church group, at half the room rate, for Friday and Saturday, October 26 and 27.According to the facts of the case, pre-2008, from October 16 to May 14, the motel was rarely more than a quarter full at any time while post-2008, the motel’s occupancy rates fell 7 to 15 percent year round. In other words, if McGregor refuses Alward’s offer, during that weekend, the motel will be at its usual capacity of less than quarter full. However, with the church group there, paying half the rate, it will be as if the motel were half-full! Half-full is better than less than a quarter full, so logic dictates that McGregor must accept Alward’s offer.There will be more guests occupying all rooms at half the rate than if there were regular guests paying the regular price and filling fewer than a quarter of the motel’s rooms. However, this fact means that service costs and maintenance cost will be higher with Alward’s group than with reg ular customers. In other words, with the motel being at full capacity, McGregor’s maintenance and cleaning staff will be a lot busier than usual, servicing a motel at full capacity.Paying for the maintenance and cleaning of all rooms at the motel will further decrease the amount of money that McGregor will make from Alward’s group. In other words, in strict quantitative terms, Alward’s offer is a bad idea for McGregor. However, in the small resort community where the motel is located, quantitative factors are not everything. McGregor will suffer all sorts of negative consequences from church groups and other members of the community if he refuses Alward’s offer. Therefore, the prudent thing to do is to accept Alward’s offer with two conditions. The opportunity costIn fact, McGregor should accept Alward’s offer but under the following two conditions: one, guest service will be limited so that McGregor can lower his costs; two, this is a speci al one-time deal that will never happen again for Alward or anyone else. Considering that McGregor and his wife run the motel, which is their source of livelihood, these two conditions are reasonable. In addition, McGregor should make sure to ask Alward to impress upon his church group that the fact they are paying half the regular motel price means that the church group will receive half the regular service!This means that the church group guests must be clean and tidy, and they must not depend on the motel’s maintenance people. In theory, none of this should be a problem, especially with a group of church people, who are supposed to be kind, understanding, cooperative, and so on. In any case, the fact that the church group will stay for only two days means that they most likely won’t make huge messes, so McGregor will not have to pay his cleaning crew to repair. In addition, the church group guests will probably spend most of their time during the day at the church a nd go to the motel mostly to sleep.All these facts are only fair to McGregor, whose livelihood depends on that motel, at a time of a weak national economy. Being â€Å"a good man† (p. 3), Alward must surely understand all these facts. As a result, if I were McGregor, I would respectfully explain all these facts to Alward, appeal to his sense of fairness, and ask for his cooperation. The qualitative factors that McGregor should consider have to do with Grand Bend, which is a small resort community. Refusing to accommodate a church group would bring negative publicity to the Good Night Motel.As a result, McGregor will lose all future business (at regular prices) from Alward’s church group and most likely from other church groups, too. In fact, besides being a good man, Alward is â€Å"well respected in the community† (p. 3). This fact means that McGregor should do all he can to develop a good working relationship with Alward, who will bring more church groups in t he future. If Alward asks for the half-price rate again in the future, McGregor will be in a much better position to refuse.The community people will not be as critical then (in the future, if Alward asks for the half-price deal again) as if they will be if McGregor refuses Alward’s first request. In other words, the resort community is too small for McGregor to decide solely based on the numbers. Reputation is very important in such communities, especially when church people are concerned. They tend to travel and spread the news about which businesses are customer-centered and which are money-centered, to put the matter simply.In general, when making a decision, managers need to consider the opportunity cost, which according to our textbook â€Å"is the sacrifice of the best alternative for a given action. An (accounting) expense is a cost incurred to generate a revenue† (p. 24). Since this is a small town, and the church group will stay for only two days, the opportu nity cost will bring more customers for the future. In addition, managers must consider the marginal cost, which according to our textbook â€Å"is the cost of producing one more unit† (p.28).In terms of cleaning the pool, it will not have an effect since most of the time people will spend in the church, and the only time they will spend in the Good Night Motel is night time only for sleeping purposes. As a result, the only additional cost to accommodate the guess is the cleaning service of the rooms. In addition, McGregor must consider his fixed cost, which is a cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods or services produced.In the final analysis, the fact that Alward is a good man who enjoys the community’s respect and the fact that he works with churches (a central institution in small communities) mean that McGregor can’t afford to refuse to work with Alward. Even if McGregor breaks even, he should still accommodate the chu rch group. If he doesn’t accommodate it, he will suffer all sorts of negative consequences: loss of future business from church groups at regular price, bad publicity in a small resort community, and so on. In other words, the big picture (quantitative factors) is more important in this case. Addendum (Computations) 30 rooms 25% occupancy 8 rooms at $80$640 The rest 22 room at $40 per room22 rooms at $ 40$880 Total Revenue$1520 Additional cleaning Expense ( student Help)2 days 10 hour at $10/hour $200.00 Cleaning and laundry supply $12,070.00 Maintenance supply and expense $11,890.00 Utility including Internet $74,850.00 Total Variable cost per year $98,810.00 Per day $270.71 For two days $541.42 $541.42 Total additional variable cost $741.42 The revenue from the church guests is $880, and additional variable costs associated with accommodations is an extra $741.42.

The Role Of The Diary Anne Frank - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 698 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Anne Frank Essay Did you like this example? Battle for Goodness During the time of WWII, the lives of many Jewish people suffered at the hands of the Nazis, but in The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, the story focused on the span of two dangerous years in the lives of eight people in hiding. Those eight people hiding in the secret annex above an office building were the Franks, Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role Of The Diary Anne Frank" essay for you Create order Unfortunately, the corrupt society influenced the residents of the annex and Anne Frank herself negatively, but there were positive influences from the time as well. During the time the families spent hiding in the secret annex, there were favorable and unfavorable actions from the society, the residents, and Anne herself, but that has been a pattern repeated throughout history. Between 1839 and 1945, during World War II, society was both negatively and positively influenced by the surrounding conditions. The text stated, Right here in Amsterdam every day hundreds of Jews disappear They surround a block and search house by house. Children come home from school to find their parents gone. Hundreds are being deported people that you and I know the Hallensteins the Wessels (506). Society in that time had some dishonorable traits, including the fact that Jewish people were taken out of their everyday lives into ghettos or concentration camps. On the other hand, many people in the European society helped Jewish people go into hiding or escape into a safer country. For the Franks, Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel, the heroic people that made their hiding possible were Mr. Kraler and Miep Gies. Society during World War II had both good and evil in it, and those qualities were reflected into the lives of Annes family and friends. Additionally, each of the residents of the secret annex displayed some moral and immoral actions during the two-year hiding span above the office building. On the immoral side, Mr. Van Daan was driven so close to starvation that he made an almost unforgivable choice to steal extra bread from the limited food supply. The text stated, The bread! He was stealing the bread! (534). Nevertheless, positively shown through the dark times in the secret annex when the Franks let Mr. Dussel permanently stay with them in hiding. This act of kindness saved Mr. Dussel from potential dangers from the Green Police, and, most likely, it spared his life for over two years. Despite the horrible actions done by the Franks, Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel, each person responded back by revealing their positive side. Finally, Anne Frank herself bore goodness and evil in her heart, but she was well aware of that, so she did her best to look only for the good. Negatively, Anne always reacted without thinking about the situation, which caused too much conflict for the limited space. In the text, Anne wrote, When he was going on at me I thought sometime Ill give you such a smack that youll fly right up to the ceiling! (508). Eventually, Anne did learn how to calm down her overactive thoughts. Although Anne sometimes would not think before she acted, Anne did have a caring heart, especially for Margot, Annes sister. Anyway the only one I worry about is you. I feel awfully guilty about you, (530). Anne spoke this to her sister because she was afraid she was making Margot upset by growing closer with Peter, which proved that Annes heart only grew with kindness in the secret annex. This proved that, for better or for worse, Anne Frank had positive and negative actions, even though she meant well. World War II was a devastating time for millions of people, which reflected negative actions on society and everyone involved. Nevertheless, the society and the people took a positive stance to fight back against the growing evil. Many people helped out strangers to make sure as many people as possible would survive the tragedies of the time period. From the time the Franks, Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel moved into the secret annex until the time they were taken to concentration camps, the World War II society, the residents in hiding, and Anne Franks personality developed in favorable and unfavorable ways.

The American Dream for Immigrants Essay - 1968 Words

The American Dream is that dream of a nation in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with options for each according to capacity or accomplishments. It is a dream of social stability in which each man and each woman shall be able to achieve to the fullest distinction of which they are essentially competent, and be distinguished by others for what they are, despite of the incidental conditions of birth or stance. People consider America the land of opportunities, a new beginning to a new life in which they can strive and succeed. America is known as the land of the free where if you have the perseverance you can achieve what you want from life. However does the American Dream apply to even those of color equally?†¦show more content†¦The truth about American society is not pretty, and the facts prove it. According to the United States census Bureau, blacks are twice as likely to be poor compared to other races, and eight times as likely to be impris oned. Blacks are also three times more likely to be convicted of drug violations than whites. Only 75 percent of blacks have received post-high school education, compared to 85 percent of whites. Not surprisingly, blacks on average also make less money than whites. As of yet, black people have not been proven to possess any kind of genetic deficiency therefore, racially speaking, there must be something wrong with our society which makes it complicated and mostly unrealistic today for people with different ethnicities, race, or color to achieve the American Dream. The State of Opportunity team was looking into ways African Americans in Michigan can get ahead by collecting statistics along with personal stories of families in order to create a poverty fixation project. Putting an end to a two week long data collection session, the team created a list of a four facts about the American Dream. The first fact stated that if you wanted to achieve the American Dream, America is actually not a very good place to try to do it. Well at least when it’s compared to other industrialized nations. They found out that if you start out poor and you want to get ahead, you would have aShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreImmigrants Should Not The American Dream1305 Words   |  6 PagesAllowing immigrants to enjoy the American Dream has been a controversial topic for quite some time. Many people argue that immigrants should not be able to enjoy the American Dream simply because they are not American. Others argue that anyone should be allowed to enjoy the American Dream because everyone deserves a chance at success. Immigrants should be allowed to enjoy the American Dream because American is a free country, immigrants ca n’t help what situation they were born into, and immigrants positivelyRead MoreImmigrants and the American Dream Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagescommon, they all had a dream, that dream was the American Dream. In the present day the desire to achieve the dream hasnt changed. However, the idea of the American Dream, brings up a lot of questions. What is the American Dream? Who defines it? Can it be achieved? Lastly, should everyone have a chance to achieve it? What is the American Dream? When this question was asked on the first day of class, there were many different answers as to what makes up the American Dream. Some people said havingRead MoreNative Immigrants And The American Dream1488 Words   |  6 Pagesgenerations to come. Many of the immigrants were either Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, or Indian. The term Asian American tied these groups of people together for political reasons. After the earthquake of 1906, Asian immigrants were granted access if they were related to a citizen in America. This exception caused records to be falsified. These people were referred to as â€Å"paper sons/daughters.†.[1] Upon the arrival to America, Chinese immigrants went through a screening processRead More Immigrants and The American Dream Essay2131 Words   |  9 Pages The American dream is different for every person. 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I believe that The American Dream for Immigrants means getting a good education, working hard, family support, willing to adapt to a newRead MoreHow Immigrants Can Achieve the American Dream Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesthe â€Å"America Dream.† The term America Dream has different interpretation for everyone. For some people America Dream means the pursuit of material prosperity, for others it means achieving their personal goals in life that they could not achieve in their homeland. Every citizen of the United State of America has the opportunity of achieving it, but it will depend on their perseverance and effort of them. If everyone has the same opportunities in America why do some peoples dreams get realizeRead MoreThe American Dream Is The Forefront Of Many Beginnings For Citizens And Immigrants Alike943 Words   |  4 Pages The American Dream is the forefront of many beginnings for citizens and immigrants alike. Achieving this idea has proved to be unfair in certain circumstances due to many factors. The ability to reach the American Dream is not entirely realistic to a handful of people and is highly refutable. Having the chance to accomplish the American Dream is a freedom that most people desire. The American Dream is in fact real, and many have reached this set of ideals with success. However, the diversity thatRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow Adams1130 Words   |  5 Pagesof the American Dream. The American Dream has changed dramatically over the few centuries. During the Founding Fathers’ time, many believed the American Dream meant freedom, equality, and mutual respect. Time has changed this ideology of the American Dream, which is now seen as owning a million dollar mansion with multiple luxury cars. This isn’t the case for many immigrants who come to the Americas to have a better life for themselves and their family. To many of them, the American Dream is as simpleRead MoreThe Importance Of Immigrants Role In Society791 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 19th century, waves of immigrants have migrated to the U.S. in search of the freedom and prosperity guaranteed by the Constitution. In pursuit of the â€Å"American† dream immigrants take shelter on American soil each year seeking employment, education, refuge, and better lives for their families. In 2015, the Migration Policy Institute reported that: â€Å"there were 43.3 million immigrants in the U.S. accounting for 13.5% of the U.S. population.† It’s unfortunate that immigrants role in society is misunderstood

Search For Identity A Virtual World - 1923 Words

Searching for Identity In a Virtual World In Ready Player One, the creation of a virtual identity, or avatar, unleashes one’s true self. In this cyberworld game, one can create their character to be their ideal person; physically, intellectually, and emotionally. The virtual reality creates the backdrop against which the action takes place and the characters play out their roles. Interestingly, the gamers who control their respective avatar have within themselves some of the same characteristics that they have built into their ideal personas. Though some of these characteristics may be exaggerated, and some, such as gender, may be reversed, the bravery, intelligence, aptitude, and heroics displayed in the virtual world are present in these same people in the real world. They may be deeply hidden, and afraid to show themselves, but by being exhibited by their avatars in the virtual world, they become uncovered and can begin to manifest themselves by the gamers in the real world . People log into the videogame OASIS daily as an escape from their dreadful lives. It is the year 2045, and there is â€Å"widespread famine, poverty, and disease. Half a dozen wars† (Cline,1). True to the definition of its name, OASIS, is an MMO paradise that provides â€Å"a pleasant and peaceful area in the midst of a difficult and hectic place or situation† (Oxford). OASIS opens up a whole new world where people can live out their hopes and dreams with endless possibilities amidst â€Å"a world of chaos,Show MoreRelatedSearch For Identity : A Virtual World1834 Words   |  8 Pages Searching for Identity in a Virtual World In Ready Player One, the creation of a virtual identity, or avatar, unleashes one’s true self. In this cyberworld game, one can create their character to be their ideal person: physically, intellectually, and emotionally. The virtual reality sets the backdrop for which the action takes place and the characters play out their roles. Interestingly, the gamers who control their respective avatars have within themselves some of the same characteristics thatRead MoreSearch For Identity From A Virtual World2041 Words   |  9 Pages Searching for Identity From a Virtual World In Ready Player One, the creation of a virtual identity, or avatar, unleashes one’s true self. In this cyberworld game, one can create their character to be their ideal person; physically, intellectually, and emotionally. The virtual reality creates the backdrop against which the action takes place and the characters play out their roles. 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Welcome to the world of TheFacebook, the online community where flirting with that cute person that sits next to you in class is only one click away. TheFacebook is an online directory that connects people through social networks at colleges and universities. Since being founded, in February 2004 at Harvard University, TheFacebook has expanded to many universities across the United States. In November 2004, the numbers of registered usersRead MoreHow Technology Has Revolutionized The Realm Of Education1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of the essay is to help educators understand the implications Online Research Skills have on the classroom. Learning institutions have embarked on creating online facilities where students can access information through internet via the World Wide Web. The remote access in various parts of the globe makes it possible for students to study irrespective of their location and the geographical areas. However, guidance is paramount when students choose various sources of research found online

Is Marketing Science or Arts Essay Example For Students

Is Marketing Science or Arts Essay Introduction The debating question concerning marketing whether it is a form of science or art has long been a controversial subject. Scholars over the past several decades have constantly argued attempting to classify and prove the term marketing belonging into either the art and science category. Marketing is derived by which a product/service originate, priced, promoted and placed,distributed to people Who consume them. It involves lots Of preparations, developments. Organizing and decision making for all the four P(s) of marketing. Peoples general misconception of the term marketing is that it is n artistic field whereby the role of marketers is to be creative, innovative and thus cook up impressive actions and put their ideas ranging from product adverts, slogans, logos and mascots across the board. What people fail to realize is that beneath all above, there lies the strategic science that revolves the four fundamental P(s) of marketing the product, price, place/distribution strategy that needs to be developed and finally the promotion . The scientific classification for marketing is divided into a group of four factors ranging from practicality, knowledge based, academic based as well as intellectual needs. This essay will focus on some of key factors to argue the point that while marketing as an activity does tend to involve artistic endeavors requiring creativity on the part of marketers, the core of marketing itself as a subject matter is that its very much grounded in the principles of social science, like psychology, for example. Discussion Marketing Is Science: In the past, academics like Avail (1949). Barrels (1951), Hutchinson (1952) and Bezel (1963) have strongly affirmed that marketing is a form of an art due to the complexity of marketplace behaviors was impossible to be formulated based on harries. Avail (1949) believes that innovation, creativity with styles and intuitive feel is what appeals to consumers for a particular product or service. On the contrary, we have another group of academics that stands on the other side arguing that marketing is indeed science, people like Converse (1945), Brown (1948), Alderman and Cox (1948), Kettle (1972) and Hunt (1976). Cayman (1999) states that his fundamental belief of marketing is that is not just alchemy or art but rather it is science because marketing needs to be carried out in accordance to business principles. It is a strategic activity focusing on a discipline and using the right tools to carry it out Again, Cayman (1999) affirms that marketers whose focus is merely based on creativity are bound to have plenty of ideas but not when it comes to sales. It is certainly undeniable that marketing jobs requires some artistic facets to attract consumers to their products or services in the vein Of innovative tastiness, slogans, design and packaging but these artistic elements do not just appear out of thin air but from methodological advancement Of studies be it behavioral science or business areas as well as sociology Sutton and Klein (2003) claims that marketers are businessperson and their role is not merely consisting of being imaginatively trendy. It is therefore a marketers accountability to contribute intellectual research and process discipline to the enterprise marketing management. Marketers must have hypothesis of marketing hopes versus marketing expectations to achieve based on a scientific methodology and setting out to experiment it. The common marketing failures are due to the incapability of marketers to apply knowledge of their clients to position their brands, inability to effectively market their brands ended traditional media plus failure to create necessary customer processes due to lacking of culture and organization information for brand management. Arrant (1985) in his own words quoted that Even a cursory perusal of scholarly articles in marketing journals is bound to confirm dominant status of logical empiricism. He then further qualified that with proper resources such as technology and correct instruments, marketers would be able to produce and more pragmatic manner to solve any marketing issues. The diagram above further illustrates Arrant scientific marketing theory by viding four factors (subjective, Objective, harmony and conflict) containing four models (logical empiricist, sociopolitical, subjective world and liberation). Marketing Institutes and Association Generally, science is classified as a method by which scientists and academics venture to erect a precise, consistent and logical representation or interpretation of a particular subject. Science also involves empirical research or otherwise knowledge, especially gained through experience. Referring back to the milestones of marketing development, The American Marketing Association, a professional association for individuals and companies relied associated with marketing was founded in 1937 and based in North America. The establishment of AMA was resulted in a merger of National Association of Marketing Teachers (MAT) and American Marketing Society (AMASS). Mamas website (2004) approved and defined the role of marketing as a linkage between buyers and sellers through a flow of information which is used to identify and define the marketing prospects and issues from generating, refining and evaluating marketing actions to monitoring marketing performance as well as improving the understanding of marketing as a process. Nonverbal communication EssayInevitably, this focus on marketing measurement not only kept Wichita on top of its game in business, but also consistently put Wichita on Fortunes top 100 places to work list. Another organization that heavily emphasizes a culture of accountability and insurability for marketing activities is Frito Lay, where access to real time data due to its direct store delivery model makes the company able to respond quickly to the effects Of marketing actions. Measurement Of marketing impact is not just the job of the marketing department but also has permeated to the upper levels Of this organizations management (Thomas, Woodard Reportable 2008). Marketing Anthropology and Sociology Marketing academics have provided their insights of their individual theories when it comes to marketing and its co-relation to social science, Kaplan (1964) defines theory as a system of laws whereby the laws are modified into a methodical correlation between one another. It is clear that since marketing as a science concerns transactions between buyer and seller which happens in a social world, marketing is actually a social science. In fact, it can he said that both marketing scholars and managers basically study human behavior (Zinnias Hierarchies, 1992). When it comes to marketing anthropology, there are various ways to categorize research community which basically refers to the buyers and customers (Peter and Olson 19831 Organizations need to take into consideration what potential customers are seeking in order to cater to market the products or services. Therefore, in Order to achieve this, it will involve various mathematical modeling, search and surveys on demographics, geographical factors and customer behaviors. According to Dowling (2004), it is a complex process to understand the psychology behind the motivation of consumers purchasing decisions. Therefore it is crucial to build a strategic research technique to study the behavioral science of consumers which are generalizations, structural frameworks, strategic recommendations and market-sensing principles. Already it can be seen that in the sub-areas of marketing such as consumer behavior, sales management and channel behavior, marketing has already evolved from creative research to one fraught with theories and a collection of problem statements needing evaluation and tests (Anderson 1983). As early as asses, Barrels (1951) has concluded that for marketing to become a proper science, has to evolve from a purely business-world tool to one that has a number of basic irrefutable principles or theories. This evolution from business to science must he jointly worked on by both marketers and social scientists, the former to formulate basic hypotheses based on their real-world experiences and the latter to refute or support the hypotheses by way of experimentation and observation. Admittedly, marketing has a long way to go before it can be recognized as a fully fledged social science discipline. When compared to more established social sciences, like economics, for example, marketing still carries the perception that it is a subject that does not prioritize the principle of knowledge acquisition or the drive to improve human society. Unfortunately, many still see marketing as fulfilling the needs Of only a specific segment Of society; name the commercial sector (Anderson 1983). On a positive note, Hunt (1383) postulated that marketing is progressing in this rear on a good pace. He listed 4 sets Of marketing fundamentals that need to be scientifically explained: 1. Buyer behavior 2. Sel ler behavior 3. Institutional frameworks which facilitate buyer-seller exchanges 4. The consequences of 1-3 on society in general With progress being made on at least 3 of the 4 fundamentals shown above, he is positive that given sufficient time and effort, like other recognized social sciences, marketing would one day have its own tried, proven and testable general theories. Conclusion Marketing as a science may not be as established or mature in comparison to Other social sciences such as psychology but it is also not a purely artistic subject matter. The ongoing argument regarding marketing being art or science is likely one that Will not be concluded anytime soon but it is clear that serious efforts have been made and are still being made to establish the fundamental rules and measurable theories and hypotheses to push marketing up the scientific ladder. The argument that marketing cannot be made a science does not hold water as essentially, marketing is the study of the human condition albeit not just a mental science like psychology regardless of location, and race, culture and elision, human response to stimuli are basically not markedly different. The wants and the needs may differ slightly, but the basics of human behavior do not change. It is important that some ground rules be created in the continuing study of marketing and in the implementation of marketing ideas. A good job is no longer just a matter of opinion, hearsay or guesswork much work has to be done to analyze, calculate and predict and eventually measure the results and effectiveness tot a marketing effort. There is a clear need for this especially now that the business world has become so much more complex.

Ptolemy Of Alexandria Essays - Ancient Greek Mathematicians

Ptolemy of Alexandria Ptolemy of Alexandria was the most influential astronomer of the ancient world. The books and theories Ptolemy developed served as a major basis for future astronomers. It was during the Renaissance period that his work became thoroughly studied and revised. Ptolemy collected all ancient knowledge of astronomy and geography including it in his book Almagest around 140 A.D. It follows, he then wrote a four volume astrological study known as the Tretrabiblos. Ptolemy claimed that the scribes of Babylon had been instructed since 750 B.C to keep detailed astronomical diaries. These diaries were written for seven hundred years on clay tablets. The tablets depicted night-sky events along with river level changes and weather phenomena. Modern archaeologists have confirmed the claim by unearthing Babylonian tablets recording observations of Mars and Venus from that time period. Ptolemy used a method of consulting lists of lunar phases, and planetary movements complied over many centuries to look for any similarities or regular patterns. The patterns that were discovered could then predict the next occurrence of such an event. Ptolemy eventually devised an ancient form of nautical almanac or "ephemeris". Mathematics could now not only be used to predict but to demonstrate whether a particular theory was correct or not. Ptolemy developed several theories of his own contrary to the beliefs of many other Greek astrologers at the time. He upheld that the "heavens" consisted of bodies orbiting the earth in a celestial path - this idea was supported for some time. Though his views were altered by the Renaissance (the sun was now placed at the centre), orbital concepts remain in modern astronomy. Ptolemy was familiar with a early type of astroblade. A skeleton star map which could be rotated above a solid plate engraved with day-curves and hour lines for a specific geographic latitude. Ptolemy became the first person to locate places on the earth's surface by latitude and longitude. Ptolemy often complained about the poor quality of Babylonian planetary data. Eclipses and other lunar events were timed with water clocks. Other phenomena were not always reported in the greatest scientific detail and some accounts were exaggerated. Astronomers made a several series of observations to reduce the effect of one individual error. Little thought was given to formulating new methods of accurate and scientific data recording. Ptolemy carefully distinguishes between forecasts related only to the sky and those connected to the human world. He states that it is possible to read human fate in the stars. Strangely, Ptolemy, as did other astrologers of that time period all agreed that the Dog Star was red. Today the Dog Star is blue white. No modern theory of stellar evolution can account for such a colour change. Overall, Ptolemy made several significant contributions to astronomy. The collection of ancient astronomy information in his books preserved many early theories. Although incorrect, Ptolemy's centre of the universe theory influenced orbital thinking. The greatest achievement Ptolemy conceived was his method of locating specific places using a sort of astro blade. This astro-blade creation would not be generally used until 1540 due to material limitations.